Stanford Database Library of International Journal Of Literature And Languages
The aim of the International Journal of Literature and Languages (IJLL) is to serve as a prominent platform for the dissemination of high-quality research and scholarly contributions within the fields of literature and languages. IJLL is committed to advancing the understanding and appreciation of literature and languages by promoting interdisciplinary research, fostering global academic collaboration, and supporting open-access principles. IJLL welcomes original research articles, reviews, case studies, and theoretical contributions that advance knowledge within these areas and contribute to the broader discourse in literature and languages. We are dedicated to fostering a vibrant intellectual community and serving as a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and enthusiasts in these fields worldwide.
Interpretation of Social Problems in Science Fiction Works
This article focuses on the comparative and historical analysis of the child image in the composition of fantasy works. The fluctuations in their psyche are substantiated on the basis of analyses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikromov Akmal, Rasulova Umida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Names of The Zodiac Signs in The Epic Hayrat-Ul Abror
The need to understand the universe has had a strong influence not only on the exact sciences, but also on the formation of the language system. In studying the scientific-astronomical terminology and linguistic landscape of the fifteenth century, Alisher Navoi’s epic Hayrat-ul abror is an important source. This article analyzes the lexical-semantic features of the zodiac names used in Hayrat-ul abror at the intersection of astronomy and linguistics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mardanova Dilshoda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond the Surface: The Unseen Role of Cursing in Linguistic Expression
This article explores the reasons why cursing expressions have remained underexplored in linguistic and psychological theories, despite their prevalence in oral speech. It highlights that the taboo nature of such units often limits their inclusion in scientific research, even though they play a crucial role in expressing strong emotions. The study emphasizes that any comprehensive language theory must account for curses as an integral component of everyday linguistic practice. Each language exhibits unique forms and features of cursing, which are characterized by specific structural and pragmatic properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasanova Nasiba Shavqiyevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguistic Study of Uzbek Folk Paremias And Ethnographisms
This article analyzes the role of Uzbek folk paremias and ethnographisms in the language from ethnolinguistic and structural-semantic perspectives. The significance of paremias in expressing folk culture, values, and national mentality is highlighted based on scientific sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maxsumov Rustam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Art of Tajnis In Medieval Poetics: A Comparative Study of Razi And Tarazi’s Treatises
This article provides a comprehensive comparative-typological analysis of the art of tajnis (homonymy) in two monumental works of Eastern poetics: Shams Qays Razi’s “Al-Mu'jam” and Ahmad Tarazi’s “Funun al-Balagha.” The research initially traces the textual history and publication of these manuscripts, highlighting the scholarly contributions of Edward Browne, Abdulwahhab Qazvini, and Mudarris Razavi. The core of the study focuses on a detailed structural and semantic examination of the seven specific types of tajnis including tajnisi tom, zoid, noqis, and murakkab − as defined in both Persian and Turkic traditions. By analyzing original poetic fragments from masters such as Khaqani and Nizari, the article illustrates how Tarazi integrated Razi’s theoretical framework into Turkic literature while expanding its scope through trilingual examples (Turkic, Persian, and Arabic). The findings demonstrate the continuity of classical poetic theory and Tarazi’s role in synthesizing multi-linguistic literary devices, providing a deeper understanding of the evolution of medieval rhetoric.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mulloqulova Shohista Jamshid qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluative Affixes in Uzbek Literary Discourse in The Novel «Shaytanat» By Tohir Malik
The article examines the pragmatic connotations of emotional affixes in Uzbek literary discourse based on a contextual analysis of fragments from Tohir Malik’s novel “Shaytanat”. The study focuses on suffixes that express evaluative and emotive meanings rather than purely grammatical or nominative derivation. Particular attention is given to the suffixes -gina and -cha, as well as the pragmatically modified use of the comparative suffix -roq when it functions as a marker of subjective approximation or mitigated evaluation. The analysis demonstrates that emotional affixation in Uzbek literary language performs important pragmatic functions such as softening evaluative judgments, expressing empathy, and conveying the narrator’s subjective stance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Laura-Aquilina Kavilova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cryptograms and Symbolic Decoding in Selected Dan Brown Thriller Novels
The article examines cryptograms in selected Dan Brown novels as a compositional device that initiates movement, regulates suspense, and converts paintings, numbers, architectural sites, and digital formulas into readable signs. The study shows that decoding in Brown is not a decorative addition to the plot. It organizes the reader’s route through the text and links scholarly interpretation with physical pursuit, historical conjecture, and technological anxiety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bazaralieva Aziza Ruslanovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Illocutive Performatives and Deictic Pronouns in The Speech Act of Wishes and Congratulations
The following research paper analyzes the role, pragmatic and illocutionary features of illocutionary performatives and deictic pronouns in the speech act of wishes and congratulations. The communicative function of wishes and greetings, their illocutionary purpose, essence, function, the conditions of use of linguistic units and the occurrence of the relationship between the addressee and the addressee in the process of communication are analyzed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muratova Nafisa Bakhtiyarovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lexical Nucleology Of Evaluative Phraseology in Present Day English Usage
The article examines how recurrent evaluative lexemes organize stable phraseological combinations in present day English. The study combines nucleological selection, contextual sampling and lexicographic verification. The analysis shows that a limited set of central adjectives and adverbs forms productive zones of judgment, intensity, certainty and stance. These combinations are significant for English lexicology, phraseology, translation and university teaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asal Tagaeva Rustamovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Desire, Consumer Culture, And Moral Ambiguity in Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie
This article reads Sister Carrie as a major naturalist novel in which moral experience is shaped by urban modernity, consumer desire, and social inequality. Drawing on close textual analysis and Yoshinobu Hakutani’s interpretation of Dreiser’s naturalism, the study argues that the novel should not be reduced either to a conventional narrative of female moral decline or to a rigidly deterministic account of human behavior. Instead, Dreiser presents Carrie Meeber as a subject whose desires, decisions, and social mobility emerge within a field structured by economic precarity, class aspiration, spectacle, and chance. Chicago functions not merely as a background but as an active social force that organizes perception, intensifies desire, and narrows the range of viable moral choices. The article further shows that Dreiser complicates mechanistic naturalism by emphasizing the unstable interaction of instinct, circumstance, and partial volition. In this way, Sister Carrie transforms moral decline from a purely personal failing into a socially mediated condition of modern life. The study concludes that the novel remains significant because it redefines moral conflict through the interaction of environment, consumption, and limited agency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Soybnazarov Navruzbek Mashrabboy o‘g‘li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Collocation Theory in English And Uzbek From A Contrastive and Corpus-Informed Perspective
This article presents a contrastive analysis of the formation and development of collocation theory in English and Uzbek. The study examines collocations from the perspective of habitual co-occurrence in discourse, combinatorial potential, and semantic-functional constraints of lexical units. Major theoretical approaches established in English linguistics-namely the Firthian tradition, systemic functional linguistics, the phraseological school, corpus linguistics, and functional-cognitive frameworks are critically reviewed in order to identify their explanatory potential and limitations with regard to collocational phenomena in Uzbek. The analysis integrates theoretical discussion, corpus-informed observations, and contrastive methodology to demonstrate that full collocational equivalence between English and Uzbek is relatively rare, while partial equivalence constitutes the dominant pattern. The findings further show that collocational mismatches are not random, but represent systematic phenomena shaped by each language’s internal structure, cognitive modeling, and discourse-specific requirements. On this basis, the study argues for the necessity of contrastive collocational analysis in translation studies and bilingual lexicography. The results of the article provide both theoretical and practical foundations for the comparative study of English and Uzbek collocations, for ensuring collocational adequacy in translation, and for the development of bilingual collocational dictionaries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamdamov Haydar Azamatovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Writer’s Perception in Dialogue with Nature and The Mode of Ideological Expression
This article compares the artistic expressive means in the novella “Bulut to‘sgan oy” by the Uzbek national writer Shukur Xolmirzayev with the poetic features of the novella “White Nights” by the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky. The study examines the contribution of both writers to the development of the novella genre and analyzes their mastery in the use of literary elements such as landscape, composition, and characterization. Particular attention is given to the role of nature imagery in revealing the psychological state of the characters and the ideological content of the works. The article also highlights the literary interaction between Russian and Uzbek prose traditions and their influence on the formation of artistic imagery and narrative structure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ergashev Aslbek Hamza ugli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conceptual Metaphors Involving “Treasure” In English
This study investigates conceptual metaphors involving the lexical item “treasure” in English within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). Drawing on data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the British National Corpus (BNC), and selected literary texts, the study analyzes a dataset of 176 metaphorical instances of the lexical item “treasure,” identified through the Metaphor Identification Procedure (Pragglejaz Group, 2007). The findings reveal systematic metaphorical mappings, including love is treasure, memory is treasure, time is treasure, and knowledge is treasure. These mappings are structured around semantic features such as value, rarity, emotional attachment, and preservation. The study argues that “treasure” constitutes a distinct value-based source domain that differs from related metaphors such as time is money by foregrounding affective rather than transactional meanings. The results contribute to cognitive linguistic research by refining our understanding of value metaphors and highlighting the role of culturally embedded schemas in shaping metaphorical conceptualization [6; 4; 9].
Copyright (c) 2026 Marina I. Solnyshkina, Parmonova Nasiba Amriddin Qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges and Solutions in Creating Content for English Language Lessons
Creating effective content for English language lessons presents numerous pedagogical, linguistic, and technological challenges. Teachers must balance language accuracy, communicative competence, cultural relevance, and learner engagement while adapting materials to diverse proficiency levels. Additionally, rapid digitalization requires educators to integrate multimedia tools without compromising instructional quality. This article examines the primary difficulties in designing English language content, including vocabulary selection, skills integration, assessment alignment, and authenticity of materials. It also proposes practical solutions such as differentiated instruction, corpus-informed materials, task-based learning, and technology-enhanced strategies to improve content effectiveness and learner outcomes in modern classrooms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khusanova Guljakhon Odiljonovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
History of The Formation and Development of Terms in The Field of Materials Science (On the Example of Russian, English And Uzbek Scientific Schools)
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stages of formation and development of terminology in the field of materials science from both historical and comparative perspectives. The study traces the evolution of materials science terms in close connection with the advancement of scientific thought, technological progress, and socio-cultural factors influencing scientific language. Particular attention is paid to the gradual transformation of terminology from early descriptive naming practices to highly standardized and systematized term structures used in modern scientific discourse. In addition, the article examines the periodization of term formation as interpreted by the Russian, English, and Uzbek schools of scientific terminology. Each tradition is analyzed in terms of its theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and linguistic mechanisms of term creation. The Russian terminology school is discussed in relation to its emphasis on systematization and conceptual hierarchy, the English school in terms of internationalization and borrowing processes, and the Uzbek school with regard to term adaptation, nationalization, and linguistic modernization. The development of materials science terminology is explained step by step, highlighting key historical stages such as the initial borrowing of general scientific vocabulary, the emergence of specialized terms during industrial and technological revolutions, and the contemporary phase characterized by interdisciplinary integration and terminological globalization. Comparative analysis reveals both shared tendencies and language-specific features in term formation, including word-formation models, semantic shifts, and translation strategies. Overall, the article demonstrates that the formation and development of materials science terminology is a dynamic and continuous process, shaped by scientific innovation, linguistic norms, and cultural context. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of terminological evolution and offer valuable insights for terminology studies, translation theory, and the standardization of scientific language across different linguistic traditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yavminova Nafisa Mashrobjonovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Linguopragmatic Study of Discursive Strategies in Film Script Discourse
This article analyzes film script text as a discursive system. The study reveals the aesthetic, communicative, and pragmatic functions of linguistic units in the script, discursive strategies in the speech of characters, and cultural-contextual layers embedded in cinematic discourse. The research is based on linguistic and pragmatic theories developed by G. Kress, T. van Dijk, N. Fairclough, D. Crystal, E. Goffman, M. Halliday, and Y. Lotman. Film discourse is considered as a combination of socio-cultural codes, communicative purposes, and the integration of visual and verbal elements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bozorova Mokhigul Ulugbek qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Narrative Storytelling in the Poetry of Ibn al-Rumi (d. 283 AH)
Ibn al-Rumi, belonging to the Abbasid era, is among the most distinguished poets historically. The poet developed his singularity due to his fascination with the way experimentation appears in poetic imagery. The text involves a narrative structure within the poetry, and the broad domain of the work reflects the artist’s idea of the connection between innovation and humanity. The excellent and beautiful Ibn al-Rumi poetry contains various elements of art, such as imagery and structure, as well as the principles, for instance, experimentation and innovation. His poetry was characterized by its remarkable ability of transforming into vibrant, lifelike scenes, utilizing figurative techniques that blend meticulous psychological insights with a profound analytical tendency, which granted his poems a clear dramatic character, and one of the most prominent artistic features that capture the scholar’s attention in his poetry is the presence of the poetic tale as an expressive tool that transcends the boundaries of traditional lyricism, as the poet resorts to constructing narrative scenes that includes characters, events, and dialogues, thereby transforming the poetic text into a narrative space pulsating with movement. These narratives weren't just artistic decoration, but also expressive of his vision of reality, and a way to reveal the contradictions of Abbasid society, the social and psychological phenomena that surrounds it. And the importance of the narrative in his poetry is manifested in its ability to embody the poetic stance in a vivid manner, since it serves as a density where multiple voices overlap and meanings are intricately woven together. The tale also reveals the poet’s tendency for detail and accuracy in observation. Such intricate detailing underscores the poet’s contemplative essence and his rigorous analytical mind. This is where were delving into the narrative element of Ibn al-Rumi's work becomes an essential gateway to deciphering his aesthetic architecture and intellectual depth, it effectively peels back the layers of how storytelling was structured within the framework of classical Arabic verse. This study aims to map out these narrative occurrences, dissecting their artistic makeup and semantic roles to illustrate how they define his particular stylistic identity. Structurally, the research opens with a conceptual exploration of the 'Narrator' (Rawi) both linguistically and terminologically before bifurcating into two core investigations: the first identifies the foundational elements of the tale, while the second probes its distinctive traits in Ibn al-Rumi’s corpus, ultimately synthesizing the most vital conclusions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Najlaa Abdul-Hussain Aliwi, A.L. Ashjan Mahmoud Shihab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article discusses the stylistic functions of morphology, which are regarded as one of the most important resources for creating style and expressiveness in written and spoken speech.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kuziboeva Roxila Sherkulovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Environment as A Factor in The Formation of Responsible Behavior in Students
The article examines the problem of forming responsible behavior in students under the conditions of the digital transformation of education. It analyzes the influence of the digital environment on the development of students’ personal positions, their value orientations, and their patterns of behavior in online space. Special attention is paid to the pedagogical conditions and strategies for fostering digital responsibility among student youth. Based on the analysis of contemporary research and practical experience of working with students, the article substantiates the need for the purposeful formation of a culture of cybersecurity and digital ethics as components of the professional training of future specialists. Methodological approaches are proposed for integrating issues of responsible behavior in the digital environment into the educational process of higher education institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulamov Jasur Baxodirovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mythological Codes in Turkic Heroic Epics: A Comparative Typological Analysis of Alpamish, Manas, And Köroğlu
This study presents a systematic comparative-typological analysis of mythological codes embedded in five major Turkic heroic epics — Alpamish (Uzbek), Alpamys Batyr (Kazakh), Manas (Kyrgyz), Köroğlu (Turkmen/Azerbaijani), and Oghuz-Name (Uyghur). Drawing on Lévi-Strauss's concept of mythological codes, Jung's archetypal theory, and Campbell's monomyth framework, the research identifies five recurring mythological codes: (1) divine birth and celestial mandate (Tengri), (2) the sacred horse as cosmic mediator, (3) the tripartite world structure (upper–middle–lower), (4) the underworld captivity-and-return motif, and (5) the demonological antagonist (Albasti, Dev, shape-shifters). Textual analysis of primary epic sources combined with a comparative structural method reveals that these codes operate as deep semiotic structures that transcend individual ethnic boundaries while simultaneously encoding distinct cultural identities. The findings contribute to ongoing debates in Turkic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olima Abdivaliyevna Xolmurodova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chaghatay Term in French Discourse: Variants and Evolution
This article examines the range of variants used for the term "Chaghatay" in French-language sources and within French Oriental studies and Central Asian studies from the fifteenth to the twenty-first century. Its primary objective is, on the one hand, to reconstruct the historical formation of Chaghatay as the name of a literary language in the narrow sense, and, on the other hand, to show how broader territorial and philological designations such as "turc", "langue turque", "turc oriental", "turc-ouïgour", "dialecte djaghataï", "turc chaghataï", "turc chaghatay", and "langue turque orientale (turki ou chaghatây)" coexisted and interacted within French discourse. Relying on French scholarly texts, manuscript catalogues, institutional descriptions, and modern digital platforms, the study reconstructs the stages of terminological evolution and demonstrates that French scholarly discourse did not rely on a single stable term but on a layered system shaped by time, transliteration practices, scholarly schools, and classificatory goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasirdinova Yorkinoy Abdumuxtarovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Symbolic and Spiritual Formation of The Concept of The Moon in English And Uzbek Folklore
This article explores the symbolic and spiritual formation of the concept of the Moon in Uzbek and English folklore. The study highlights the association of the Moon with beauty, femininity, love, protection, life cycles, and natural rhythms. In Uzbek folklore, the Moon is often represented as a symbol of feminine beauty, spiritual purity, and love, while in English folklore it is interpreted as a symbol of intuition, mystery, and different stages of human life. The research also examines the connection of the Moon with agricultural life, seasonal changes, and fertility in both cultures. Furthermore, the historical evolution of the Moon’s symbolism is analyzed, showing how its meanings have transformed from ancient times to the present. The findings demonstrate that the Moon is a universal and multi-layered symbol across cultures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharipova Bahora Odiljonovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interpretations of The A Traveler (Whose Goal Is to Reach Allah Through Love) Symbol in The Image of Alexander
Alisher Navoi, through his vast creative heritage, is one of the writers who expressed in his epics, ghazals and prose works the topics that were relevant not only for his time, but also for all humanity at a high artistic level. In particular, his epic "Saddi Iskandariy", which is part of the "Khamsa" series, is distinguished by its skillful artistic images, depth of meaning, philosophical views and humanistic ideas. In this epic, Navoi deeply and uniquely interprets all the qualities of a just society, a just state administration and a just ruler, giving his readers high spiritual and moral standards. This article presents the image of A traveler whose goal is to reach Allah through love through the figure of Alexander the Great in Alisher Navoi's epic poem "Saddi Iskandariy". Through this image, an attempt is made to reveal meanings such as justice, truth, and equality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamolova Majnuniso Ulug'bek qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Phonological Adaptation in Mobile Communication Terminology in English And Uzbek
The rapid development of information and communication technologies has led to the emergence of a vast number of new terms, many of which originate in English and subsequently enter other languages. This article investigates the phonological adaptation of mobile communication terminology in English and Uzbek. The study examines how English loanwords are integrated into the Uzbek phonological system, focusing on sound substitution, syllable restructuring, and phonotactic adjustment. The research employs comparative linguistic analysis based on a dataset of widely used mobile communication terms. The findings reveal that Uzbek adapts English terminology through systematic phonological transformations to conform to its native phonotactic and phonemic constraints. These processes demonstrate the interaction between global technological discourse and local linguistic structures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arzimurodova Ezoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Interpretation of Literary-Aesthetic Views in Sophocles’ “Oedipus Rex”
This article provides a theoretical and analytical examination of the literary-aesthetic views reflected in Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. The study explores the formation of ancient Greek tragedy, its religious and mythological foundations, and its artistic and aesthetic characteristics. Particular attention is given to the analysis of tragic conflict, the characterization of the protagonist, and the aesthetic ideas expressed through the compositional structure of the work. The research focuses on key issues such as the conflict between fate and free will, the process of searching for truth, and the concept of the tragic hero. In addition, the aesthetic essence of tragedy is examined through Aristotle’s theory of Catharsis. The study concludes by substantiating the significance of Oedipus Rex not only within ancient Greek dramaturgy but also in the broader context of world literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anvar Allambergenov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Sports Medicine in Studying the Semantic Structure of English Sports Terminology
This article examines the role of sports medicine in studying the semantic structure of English sports terminology from a linguistic perspective. The research analyzes the semantic composition, functional load, contextual adaptation, and semantic transformation of medical lexical units actively integrated into sports discourse. Particular attention is given to traumatological, rehabilitative, and anti-doping terminology, which in sports texts functions not only in a clinical sense but also in discursive, evaluative, and strategic meanings. The findings indicate that sports medicine is one of the primary sources enriching the semantic base of English sports terminology, increasing its precision, efficiency, and degree of specialization. Furthermore, the integration of medical terminology into the language of sport demonstrates the adaptability of language to social needs and professional practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uktamov Muhammadkarim Vahobjon Ogli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Grouping of Nouns in The Uzbek Language into Semantic Fields
This article analyzes the issue of grouping nouns in the Uzbek language into semantic fields. The main objective of the research is to comprehensively group Uzbek nouns thematically and semantically, and to conduct a comparative analysis of this classification with existing semantic systems in English, Russian, and Turkish. The study utilized materials from the electronic corpus of the Uzbek language and the explanatory dictionary. As a result, 10,000 Uzbek nouns were categorized into the following six main semantic fields: Nature, Human Activity, Material Objects, Abstract Concepts, Place and Space, and Food. Each semantic field was further divided into smaller subgroups, whose proportions were statistically analyzed and represented using diagrams. The findings were compared with other languages, and commonalities and differences were examined. The research results can be applied in compiling semantic dictionaries, automatic semantic tagging, and developing multilingual ideographic dictionaries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tirkashev Jasurjon Uktam ugli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Description of Copies of Nodir's Epic "Haft Gulshan"
This article is dedicated to the description of the epic "Haft Gulshan" by the renowned poet Nodir, who lived and worked in the 18th-19th centuries, and the copies of the work identified to date. In scientific research on the topic, two manuscripts and one lithographic copy of the dastan were mainly referred to. However, almost no information is provided about the remaining copies. To date, we have identified two new copies of the work. They provide an opportunity for large-scale scientific research on the epic. This article provides preliminary descriptive information about all available copies of the "Haft Gulshan" epic. Some of their structural differences and features of writing are indicated. Textual analysis of the copies was carried out where necessary.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azamova Shodiya Burkhanovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguistic Interpretation of Terminological Neologisms
This article investigates the linguistic nature of terminological neologisms, exploring the mechanisms behind their formation, semantic development, and functional incorporation into specialized discourse. Drawing on terminological theory, cognitive semantics, and corpus linguistics, the study puts forward a multi-dimensional analytical framework to explain the dynamic processes through which neologisms gain terminological standing within scientific and professional communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Larina Kamila Petrovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Phraseological Units in The Poetry of Abdurauf Fitrat
This study examines the linguistic landscape of the poetry of Abdurauf Fitrat, a prominent figure in 20th-century Uzbek Jadid literature, specifically focusing on the artistic and aesthetic functions of phraseological units. Using masterpieces such as "To the Star of Mars" and "Grief of the Homeland" as primary sources, the research analyzes how ideas of national liberation, rebellion, and patriotism are expressed through folk idioms and Persian-Turkic syntheses. Furthermore, the paper highlights Fitrat's contributions to the purity of the Uzbek literary language and explores the enduring influence of his creative neologisms on contemporary Uzbek poetry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kasimova Ziyoda Movlon kizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translation and Lexicographic Representation of Quantifiers Compensation Strategies for Countability And Determination Gaps
The article analyzes problems of equivalence mismatch that arise in translating quantitative expression units between English and Uzbek, as well as the issues of their lexicographic representation. Based on dissertation findings, three systemic problems are identified: (1) semantic gaps (in particular, mismatches in countability and determination parameters); (2) difficulties in equivalencing quantity degree and evaluative meaning (such as few / a few, much / many, oz / kam); and (3) phraseological-metaphorical shifts. As the methodological basis, the study applies functional-equivalent translation analysis, contrastive-typological comparison, corpus-based observation, and critical analysis of bilingual dictionary entries. As a result, a system of strategies is proposed, including descriptive paraphrase, derivational creativity, contextual specialization, attributive and affixal compensation, as well as recoding (re-coding). For lexicography, a lemma-macrostructure template and entry model are suggested, enabling multi-level description of quantitative units in bilingual dictionaries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdiyeva Saida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Representation of Prophetic Figures in The Works of Nurullah Gench
This article examines the classical literary tradition shaped by Islam and its continuation in the poetry of contemporary Turkish poet Nurullah Gench. In particular, it analyzes how the images of prophets mentioned in the Qurʼan Noah, Jacob, Joseph, David, and others are interpreted in his poetry through the art of talmeh. The study demonstrates that through these images, the poet conveys the spiritual state of the lyrical hero, his inner suffering, and religious worldview. The article aims to reveal the religious-Sufi foundation of Nurullah Genchʼs poetry and its connection with the classical literary tradition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajabov Foziljon Ulash Zoda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural and Artistic Differences in The Staging Process in Uzbek, Russian And English Theatres
The staging of theatrical performances reflects the cultural, historical, and aesthetic traditions of a society. This article analyzes the distinctive features of staging practices in Uzbek, Russian, and English theatres through a comparative methodological approach. Particular attention is given to cultural foundations, actor training traditions, directing methods, and technical stage design. Uzbek theatre is characterized by a strong connection to national cultural heritage, ethnographic elements, and emotional realism. Russian theatre emphasizes psychological depth and systematic actor training, largely influenced by the Stanislavski system and other methodological schools. English theatre combines classical dramaturgical traditions with contemporary stage technologies and experimental visual aesthetics. The study demonstrates that although these theatrical traditions share common artistic principles, they differ significantly in their staging strategies, technological integration, and conceptual directing approaches. These differences reflect their historical development and cultural contexts while contributing to the diversity and evolution of contemporary global theatre practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xayitbayeva Madinaxon Ismoiljon qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Historical Truth and Artistic Interpretation
The novel “Yaldo kechasi” represents one of the initial stages of the renewal process in Uzbek literature. In the work, the author presents not only a distinctive artistic attitude toward the past and reality, but also a broad artistic interpretation of the transformations in national spirit on the threshold of the 21st century, the stages of change in the worldview of the people, and the boundaries of spiritual maturity, covering more than a century of history. The novel stands out for its epic scope of reality, its unique artistic language, the clarity of its depiction, and the carefully developed characters and images. For this reason, it will continue to serve as a subject for many future studies. The article discusses the novel “Yaldo kechasi” by the People’s Writer of Uzbekistan Xayriddin Sulton, emphasizing that with its plot structure, interpretation of motifs and characters, and high artistic quality, it can be regarded as one of the works comparable with examples of world literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jabbor Eshonkulov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Between Decree and The Drawn Sword: Comparative Poetics of Fate, Sanctity, And Heroism in Classical Arabic And Medieval Hebrew Literature, With Methodological Reflections from Andamanese Language Documentation
Background: Classical Arabic and medieval Hebrew poetic corpora repeatedly stage a tension between fate (decree, providence, destiny) and human agency (heroism, ethical choice, endurance). At the same time, comparative humanities research faces a methodological problem: how can scholars responsibly interpret cultural meanings—especially around “ultimate” concepts such as decree, redemption, sanctity, and death—without reducing them to a single doctrinal key? This study addresses that problem by reading major Arabic and Hebrew textual witnesses on fate and heroism while also drawing methodological lessons from early ethnographic-linguistic documentation practices in the Andaman Islands, where careful attention to vocabulary, grammar, and contextual usage was treated as foundational to interpretation (Radcliffe-Brown, 1914; Nigam, 1964; Ganguly, 1966). Methods: The research employs a qualitative comparative approach: (1) thematic mapping of fate/agency and life/death sanctity across selected Arabic texts (Abu Tammām, 1981; Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi, 1986; Ibn Al-Muqaffa, 1934; Altabrizi, 1937; Alhussein, 2019; Al-Mutanabbī, 2008) and Hebrew texts/analyses (Halevy, 1946; Hanagid, 1966, 1985, 1985a, 1993; Ibn Ezra, 1935; Levin, 1962, 1962a, 1964; Elizur, 1994, 2004; Dor, 2015), and (2) methodological triangulation using early Andamanese language records as a cautionary template for interpretive discipline (Radcliffe-Brown, 1914, 1948; Nigam, 1964; Ganguly, 1966). Results: The analysis finds that (a) “decree” functions less as fatalistic closure than as a poetic instrument for evaluating courage and moral clarity (Alhussein, 2019; Abu Tammām, 1981), (b) the “drawn sword” motif dramatizes redemption and death against the value of life, producing an ethical dialectic rather than a single heroic ideology (Dor, 2015), and (c) medieval Hebrew secular and religious poetics negotiate time, cosmos, and historical crisis through flexible metaphors of flight, suffering, and commandment—often aligning personal agency with divinely framed temporality (Levin, 1962, 1962a, 1964; Elizur, 1994, 2004; Halevy, 1946). Conclusion: A cross-tradition model emerges: fate is repeatedly “activated” by poetic form—through aphorism, exemplum, lament, praise, and ethical narrative—so that destiny becomes a field of responsibility rather than resignation. Methodologically, the Andamanese documentation record reinforces the necessity of lexical, grammatical, and contextual rigor as a guardrail against interpretive overreach in comparative literary studies (Radcliffe-Brown, 1914; Nigam, 1964; Ganguly, 1966; Radcliffe-Brown, 1948).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sofia Benatar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing Students’ Lexical Competence in A Foreign Language Through The “Concept Analysis” Method
The development of lexical competence remains one of the central problems of foreign language education because vocabulary knowledge directly conditions comprehension, oral interaction, written production, and the precision of meaning-making. In contemporary language pedagogy, lexical competence is no longer interpreted as the mere accumulation of isolated words; rather, it is understood as the ability to select, relate, control, and use vocabulary in context. This article examines the didactic potential of the “concept analysis” method for developing students’ lexical competence in a foreign language. In this study, the concept analysis method is treated as an umbrella instructional approach that includes concept mapping, semantic mapping, and semantic feature analysis, since these techniques organize lexical units through category, feature, hierarchy, and semantic relations. The article based on an integrative review of official Council of Europe documents and peer-reviewed studies published between 2001 and 2025. The analysis shows that concept-oriented vocabulary work strengthens both the breadth and the depth of lexical knowledge, improves retention, supports transfer from receptive to productive use, and promotes more accurate lexical choice in speech and writing. At the same time, the effectiveness of the method depends on careful task design, sufficient duration, and the integration of conceptual work with communicative practice. The article argues that the concept analysis method should be viewed not as an auxiliary graphic activity, but as a didactic mechanism for restructuring lexical knowledge and transforming vocabulary learning from memorization into meaningful conceptual development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadinov Oybek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural Displacement and Identity Formation in Postcolonial Literature
This research article explores the intricate relationship between cultural displacement and identity formation as represented in postcolonial literature. It argues that postcolonial narratives function not merely as testimonies of colonial trauma but as dynamic sites where new, hybrid identities are forged in the crucible of displacement. The study employs a qualitative, comparative textual analysis of three seminal postcolonial novels: Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958), Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children (1981), and Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions (1988). These texts, spanning different geographies and historical moments, offer a tripartite lens through which to examine the phenomenon: the initial rupture of colonial imposition, the subsequent migrant condition of fragmentation and reinvention, and the gendered dimensions of cultural dislocation. Through the theoretical frameworks of Homi K. Bhabha’s “third space” and Stuart Hall’s theories of cultural identity, the analysis reveals that displacement in these works is not a state of pure loss but a generative condition. The protagonists’ struggles with language, belonging, and self-definition illustrate a process of identity formation that is characterized by negotiation, ambivalence, and agency. The findings demonstrate that postcolonial literature reframes displacement from a singular traumatic event to an ongoing, creative process of becoming, offering a powerful counternarrative to essentialist notions of culture and identity. This study concludes that the literary representation of cultural displacement provides crucial insights into the complexities of postcolonial subjectivity, emphasizing that identity is ultimately a fluid and contested construct, perpetually shaped by the interplay of history, power, and memory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hiba Afzala, Maria Maqsood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Interrelationship of Artistic Language, Style, And Creative Mastery in The Short Stories of Sobir ‘Nar
In the poetics of the short story as a literary genre, artistic language, the author’s creative style, and the mastery of using the artistic word acquire a unified and significant role. This scholarly article analyzes the short stories of the talented Uzbek writer, translator, and well-known short story author Sobir O‘nar. The study examines the functions of the three essential components—artistic language, the writer’s individual style, and creative mastery—in constructing the plot of the stories and ensuring their compositional integrity. Particular attention is given to Sobir O‘nar’s stories “Lochin” and “Alag‘dalik,” where these aspects are scientifically substantiated based on the principles of literary analysis. In these works, the writer’s distinctive style, poetic personality, and individual creative voice are clearly manifested. The relevance of this research lies in the fact that its conclusions may contribute to determining the development of the modern Uzbek short story tradition and to a deeper understanding of the artistic possibilities of the short story genre when approached with a profound analytical perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Berdiyeva Zulaykho Ochilovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Henry Rider Haggard In Uzbek Literary and Educational Context
Henry Rider Haggard (1856–1925) is widely acknowledged as a seminal figure in late Victorian adventure fiction and a forerunner of the lost-world narrative tradition [15]. His major works, including King Solomon’s Mines, She: A History of Adventure, and Cleopatra, attained extensive international readership and influenced subsequent authors in fantasy and adventure genres [22]. Despite this global prominence, Haggard’s oeuvre remains relatively peripheral within Uzbek literary studies and educational practice [5]. This study examines the reception, translation history, and pedagogical potential of Haggard’s fiction in Uzbekistan. Analysis of curricula indicates that both secondary and tertiary programs predominantly focus on canonical British authors, such as Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, while adventure literature receives minimal attention [4]. Although Russian translations of Haggard’s novels were accessible during the Soviet period, Uzbek-language editions are scarce, restricting local readership and academic engagement [1]. Textual and reception analyses suggest that Haggard’s works possess notable educational value. His clear prose, vivid narrative style, and action-driven plots render novels like King Solomon’s Mines particularly suitable for English-language learners at intermediate and upper-intermediate levels [16]. Moreover, these narratives provide rich material for critical discussions concerning imperial ideology, cross-cultural representation, gender roles, and imaginative storytelling [20]. Characters such as the immortal queen Ayesha in She exemplify intellectual authority combined with destructive power, whereas Cleopatra illustrates intricate interactions between political ambition and emotional depth. Finally, Haggard’s literary distinctiveness—including the lost-civilization motif, integration of history and myth, action-focused narrative, and prominent female characters—positions his works as underexplored yet valuable resources for comparative literature and Victorian studies in Uzbekistan [3]. Introducing Haggard’s fiction into Uzbek educational contexts could diversify literary study, foster intercultural understanding, and stimulate original research in both literary scholarship and language education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matluba Alimova Ishankulovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Poetic Role of Artistic Time and Space in Nabijon Boqiy’s Novellas
This article examines the poetic function of artistic time and space in Nabijon Boqi’s novellas Gulzamira and A Story of Love. The study analyzes the artistic interpretation of historical reality through individual psychological experience and historical memory, the symbolic nature of artistic space, and the subjectivization of narrative time. Comparative poetic analysis reveals the author’s individual poetic model based on the interaction of historical fact, personal memory, and psychological experience. The findings contribute to the study of narrative poetics and the artistic representation of historical consciousness in modern Uzbek prose.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdupattayev G‘ulomjon G‘ofurjon o‘g‘li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Opposition of The Ancient East and The Modern West in Nineteenth-Century French Literature
The article examines the opposition between the Ancient East and the Modern West in nineteenth-century French literature. It analyzes how French Romantic and post-Romantic writers represented the Orient as a space of antiquity, spirituality, and historical continuity, while portraying the West as a symbol of modernity and progress. The study focuses on the works of François-René de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine, Gérard de Nerval, Victor Hugo, and Gustave Flaubert, whose writings contributed to the development of Orientalist discourse. Drawing on Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism, the article shows that the East–West opposition functions not only as a literary motif but also as a broader cultural paradigm reflecting nineteenth-century European views of civilization and cultural identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tamara Kavilova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
General Characteristics of Uzbek Language Morphology
This article analyzes the general characteristics of Uzbek language morphology. The morphological system of the Uzbek language, characteristic of Turkic languages, is based on an agglutinative structure, which allows for the expression of grammatical meanings by adding affixes to words. The article examines key aspects such as the word-formation system, types of affixes (suffixes, prefixes), grammatical categories (person, tense, number, state), and the agglutinative nature of the morphological system. Furthermore, it analyzes the changes occurring in morphology during the language's development, including new words used in contemporary Uzbek and its various domains. This article aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of Uzbek language morphology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mirzakarimova Zamira Dadamatovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Functional-Pragmatic Features of Verbal Aggression in English And Uzbek
This article provides a comprehensive comparative-pragmatic analysis of verbal aggression and face-threatening acts in the English and Uzbek languages. Moving beyond descriptive analyses of affective vocabulary, the study synthesizes classical lexicological and stylistic theories with modern pragmatic frameworks to examine how communicative dominance and manipulation are linguistically encoded. By strictly analyzing the functional-semantic fields, syntactic models, and phraseological units that carry negative evaluative charges, the research highlights the profound linguocultural specificities of the two languages. The findings indicate that English conflict discourse predominantly employs strategies protecting individual autonomy (negative face) through structural indirectness or rigid imperatives. In contrast, the Uzbek language utilizes socially hierarchical, collectivistic models relying on metaphoric transfers and culturally bound optative formulas, aligning with national-cultural pragmatic codes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Botirova Zebuniso Solijon kizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Orthographic Influence and Vowel Adaptation in English Loanwords in Korean
The increasing influence of English as a global language has significantly affected the lexical systems of many languages, including Korean. As English lexical items enter Korean, they undergo various phonological and orthographic modifications in order to conform to the structural constraints of the recipient language. This article examines the role of orthographic interpretation and vowel adaptation in the phonological integration of English loanwords in Korean. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of orthography-based pronunciation, in which the written form of English words influences their phonological realization in Korean. The study analyzes how English vowels, diphthongs, and consonant clusters are adapted through Hangul, the Korean writing system. The findings demonstrate that English vowel contrasts are frequently simplified due to differences between the phonemic inventories of the two languages. Furthermore, English spelling conventions often play a decisive role in determining the final phonological form of loanwords in Korean. The results highlight the complex interaction between phonology, orthography, and language contact in the adaptation of foreign lexical items.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumaniyazova Feruza Iskanderovna, Baxbergenova Akerke Shoxan qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article examines intertextual relations in modern poetry on the example of Uzbek poetry. The forms of these relations such as quotation, allusion, and reminiscence are analyzed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharipova Tursunoy Bozor qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contextual Meanings of Legal Terminology in Press Discourse: Metaphorization And Semantic Narrowing/Widening
Legal terminology is traditionally associated with semantic precision, conceptual stability, and institutional regulation. However, when legal terms migrate from codified legal texts into press discourse, they frequently undergo contextual semantic transformation. This article examines the contextual meanings of legal terminology in press discourse, with particular attention to metaphorization and semantic narrowing/widening as mechanisms of semantic modification. Drawing on a comparative corpus of English-language and Uzbek-language newspapers, the research applies an integrated framework combining terminology theory, lexical semantics, and discourse analysis. The findings demonstrate that legal terms in press discourse acquire layered meanings shaped by rhetorical, ideological, and communicative factors. Metaphorization intensifies narrative framing, semantic widening enables evaluative and ideological extension, and semantic narrowing facilitates accessibility through simplification. The study argues that contextual semantic transformation reflects discursive adaptation rather than terminological degradation. These results contribute to legal linguistics, media discourse studies, and contemporary terminology theory by illustrating the dynamic interplay between institutional legal meaning and media-mediated public communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usmonova Oyshajon Rozmatovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguo-Culturologic Features of Cultural, Historical and Archaic Words in Abdulla Kadiriy’s Novel “Bygone Days”
This article analyzes the artistic and linguistic functions of historical and archaic words used in Abdulla Kadiriy’s novel “Bygone Days.” During the research, obsolete lexical units occurring in the novel were examined with regard to their semantic characteristics, their role in reflecting the historical environment, and their function in shaping the speech of literary characters. The analysis shows that historical and archaic vocabulary serves as an important stylistic tool in strengthening the national color of the narrative, recreating the historical atmosphere, and demonstrating the writer’s artistic mastery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ugiloy Nortoeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The State of Lacunarity In A Linguistic Context
The article examines lacunarity as a linguistic, semantic, and linguocultural phenomenon manifested in asymmetries between languages at the lexical, grammatical, phraseological, and pragmatic levels. The study aims to clarify the theoretical status of lacunarity in modern linguistics and to show how lacunar relations operate in contrastive analysis, translation, lexicography, and intercultural communication. The research is based on descriptive, comparative, and interpretive methods and synthesizes findings from lexical semantics, translation studies, and multilingual lexical database research. The analysis demonstrates that lacunarity should not be reduced to the simple absence of a word in one language. Rather, it reflects deeper mismatches in conceptual segmentation, communicative priorities, cultural salience, and grammatical encoding. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between lexical gaps and referential gaps, to specification and generalization mismatches, and to the problem of equivalence in translation. The article argues that lacunarity is not a defect of language but a normal consequence of the selective way in which languages lexicalize experience. It is further shown that lacunarity has methodological value: it reveals culturally marked concepts, tests the limits of bilingual equivalence, and exposes the need for explanatory, contextual, and compensatory strategies in translation and lexicography. The conclusion states that lacunarity is one of the most productive analytical categories for understanding how linguistic systems differ while remaining mutually interpretable in discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baxtiyorova Gulhayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Motif of Memory in Classical and Modern Literature
The motif of memory plays a significant role in literary studies, as it reflects how individuals and societies interpret the past. This paper’s aim is to identify the transformation of the motif of memory in classical and modern literature, focusing on its narrative, psychological, and cultural directions. While classical literature often presents memory as stable and collective, modern literature depicts it as subjective, fragmented, and unreliable. Drawing on contemporary literary theory and recent scholarly works, this study demonstrates that the motif of memory is essential for understanding identity, narrative structure, and cultural change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumanova Gozzal Joldasbaevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguocultural Aspects of Subjectivity in English Academic Discourse
The article examines the linguocultural foundations of subjectivity in English academic discourse, analyzing how cultural norms, epistemic conventions, and authorial identity interact within scientific texts. An integrative analytical framework combining linguocultural theory, stance theory, and systemic-functional grammar is proposed to account for the multidimensional nature of subjective expression in academic writing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Obilov Muzaffar Odiljon ugli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Description of Theme and Form in Literary Works
This research deals with the relationship between theme and form in literary works, focusing on how thematic content is shaped and expressed through artistic and structural elements. The study explores the ways in which narrative structure, genre, stylistic devices, and compositional techniques contribute to the development and interpretation of literary themes. By analyzing selected literary texts, the research demonstrates that theme and form are interdependent components that together create meaning and aesthetic value. The findings highlight that form is not merely a technical framework but an active medium through which themes are communicated, reinforced, and transformed. This study contributes to literary theory by emphasizing the importance of integrated analysis of theme and form in the interpretation of literary works.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismailova Khurliman Najimatdinovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Historical Evolution of Uzbek Narrative Poetry
In this Uzbek literature, the problem of narrative poetry and its poetics is scientifically and theoretically analyzed. This issue is summarized through specific examples of the emergence of folklorism in poetry and as a phenomenon of literary type and intergenre stylization and modification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumaniyazova Dinara Shukhratovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religionimic Units in English And Uzbek: Linguistic Features and Contrastive Analyses
Religious terminology constitutes a specialized lexico-semantic field deeply embedded in the cultural, historical, and spiritual identity of societies. These units are not merely lexical signs but complex semiotic constructs, reflecting theological doctrines, ritual practices, and moral-philosophical concepts. This paper investigates the structural, semantic, and pragmatic features of religion-related units in English and Uzbek, exploring their etymology, morpho-syntactic patterns, and sociolinguistic functions. Special attention is given to translation strategies and cross-cultural equivalence, considering challenges posed by culturally bound connotations and doctrinal specificity. The study employs comparative, etymological, and discourse-analytic methods to reveal linguistic asymmetries and highlight strategies for achieving functional and communicative adequacy in interlingual transfer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dildor Eshmuratova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interpretation of Figurative Meanings in Uzbek Proverbs with the "Hospitality" Concept
The national values, traditions, customs, and social environment of every nation are vividly expressed in its oral folklore. This is because a nation's oral folklore not only displays its social values, but also artistically and logically reflects its culture, origins, way of life, psyche, and consciousness. Proverbs, in particular, are monuments that reflect the wisdom of the people and their national traditions and customs. One of the most ancient and enduring values of the Uzbek people is hospitality, which is considered a fundamental element of their social experience, worldview, national culture, and moral norms. In proverbs, this concept is expressed not only directly but also through figurative meanings. The purpose of this research is to identify the semantic and pragmatic features of the concept of hospitality in Uzbek proverbs and to demonstrate how they are interpreted through figurative language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shohista Eshankulova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Terminology of Skin Treatments in Aesthetic Cosmetology
The rapid expansion of aesthetic cosmetology has created a dense and sometimes inconsistent vocabulary for describing skin treatments. Terms such as skin rejuvenation, resurfacing, chemical peeling, microneedling, fractional laser, non-ablative therapy, intense pulsed light, and photobiomodulation are widely used in clinical practice, scientific publications, and commercial communication, yet they are not always employed with equal precision. This article examines the terminology of skin treatments in aesthetic cosmetology with the aim of clarifying how key procedural terms are defined, grouped, and differentiated in dermatologic and cosmetic literature. The study is based on an analytical review of clinical reviews, systematic reviews, and professional sources addressing skin resurfacing, energy-based devices, minimally invasive procedures, and photoaging management. The findings show that the terminology of aesthetic skin treatments is structured around several central oppositions: invasive versus non-invasive, ablative versus non-ablative, full-field versus fractional, mechanical versus chemical versus energy-based action, and corrective versus rejuvenative indications. The review also demonstrates that terminological precision is not merely linguistic; it has direct implications for patient selection, expectations, safety communication, and scientific comparability. The article argues that a standardized terminological approach should distinguish between mechanism of action, tissue depth, treatment objective, and recovery profile. Such an approach helps separate medical terminology from marketing language and supports more accurate interdisciplinary communication in aesthetic cosmetology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atamuratova Nazokat Yaxshimuratovna, Babadjanov Xushnut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alternative Theoretical Aspects of The Translation of Internet Neologisms in Uzbek And English Languages
This study investigates the alternative aspects of translating internet neologisms between English and Uzbek languages. The rapid evolution of online communication has resulted in a proliferation of novel linguistic forms, posing significant challenges for translators. This research examines the strategies employed to render these neologisms, focusing on the cultural, linguistic, and technological nuances that influence translation choices. Through a comparative analysis of selected internet neologisms, the study explores the effectiveness of various translation methods, including adaptation, calquing, borrowing, and circumlocution. It also considers the impact of social media, online forums, and digital platforms on the creation and dissemination of these terms. The findings highlight the importance of contextual understanding, target audience awareness, and dynamic equivalence in achieving accurate and culturally relevant translations of internet neologisms. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in cross-linguistic communication in the digital age, offering practical insights for translators and linguists working with English and Uzbek languages.
Copyright (c) 2026 G’aniyeva Mahliyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Modern Lexicographic Research in Linguistics
Lexicography is one of the key branches of linguistics that focuses on the systematic description of language units and their representation in dictionary form. In recent years, the rapid development of digital technologies has brought about profound transformations in this field. Traditional printed dictionaries are increasingly being replaced by electronic and interactive platforms, offering broader opportunities for users. In modern linguistics, lexicographic research is developing in close connection with corpus linguistics, computational linguistics, and artificial intelligence. This process is transforming lexicography from a purely descriptive discipline into a complex scientific field with analytical and technological dimensions. This article analyzes the role, development trends, and scientific-practical significance of lexicographic research in modern linguistics. Lexicography is examined not only as a practice of dictionary compilation but also as a comprehensive scientific discipline contributing to the in-depth study of language systems. Additionally, new lexicographic paradigms emerging on the basis of digital technologies and corpus linguistics are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andaniyazova Dilrabo Ruziqulovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interpretitations Of the Terms Assonance and Alliteration in Explanatory and Encyclopedic Dictionaries of Lingustic Terms
This article discusses the interpretations of the terms assonance and alliteration in explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries, their use as a phonostylistic and linguopoetic tool.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamila Boltaboyevna Yunusova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semantic Similarities and Differences of Terms in The English And Uzbek Languages
This article examines the semantic similarities and differences of terms in the English and Uzbek languages from a comparative linguistic perspective. The study aims to identify how terminological units function, develop, and acquire meaning in two languages that belong to different language families and typological systems. Special attention is given to the processes of term formation, semantic shifts, borrowing, and adaptation in scientific and technological discourse. The research employs comparative, descriptive, and semantic analysis methods to reveal both universal and language-specific features of terminology. The findings indicate that English and Uzbek share a number of semantic parallels in international scientific terminology due to globalization and active borrowing, particularly from Latin and Greek sources via English and Russian. However, significant differences are observed in word-formation models, semantic transparency, polysemy, and the degree of terminological standardization. Uzbek tends to preserve agglutinative morphological patterns and semantic motivation, whereas English terminology often demonstrates higher levels of lexicalization and structural compression. The article concludes that understanding these similarities and differences is essential for accurate translation, effective terminology management, and the development of Uzbek scientific language in the context of global integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khayitova Alokhon Ilyosbek qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Road Chronotope And the Experience of Displacement
This article examines the intersection of narrative space-time and human displacement through the lens of Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope, using John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath (1939) as its primary text. The analysis posits that Steinbeck transforms the quintessentially American road—specifically U.S. Highway 66—from a simple geographical setting into a complex chronotope that structures the experience of forced migration. By drawing on Bakhtin’s theory, this article argues that the road in The Grapes of Wrath functions not merely as a path for westward movement, but as a space where time is “thickened” and history is made tangible, fundamentally shaping the Joad family’s identity and their experience of dispossession. The analysis explores how the road chronotope becomes a crucible for community formation and ethical awakening, ultimately redefining the experience of displacement as a painful yet transformative suspension between a lost past and an uncertain future. It concludes that the chronotope of the road in The Grapes of Wrath serves as a critical narrative device for articulating the spatial and temporal disorientation inherent in the American refugee experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qodirova Maftuna Davron qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article analyzes the history of the study of obsolete words, which are an important part of the lexical layer in Turkology, and modern research methods. The work highlights the differential signs of archaisms and historicisms, the degree of their preservation in the language, and their linguistic functions in artistic discourse. Also, extralinguistic factors influencing the process of lexical obsolescence are comparatively studied on the example of different languages. The results of the research serve as a theoretical source in the development of historical lexicology of the language and etymological lexicography.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khudayberganova Dildora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0